Appendix 1. Case law cited

European Court of Human Rights

Anguelova v. Bulgaria, Judgment 13 June 2002, Application No. 38361/97

Assenov and Others v. Bulgaria, Judgment 28 October 1998, Application No.  24760/94

Aydin v. Turkey [GC], Judgment 25 September 1997, Application No. 23178/94

Bureš v. Czech Republic, Judgment 18 October 2012, Application No. 37679/08

Câmpeanu v. Romania [GC], Judgment 17 July 2014, Application No. 47848/08

Cordova v. Italy, Judgment 30 January 2003, Application No. 40877/98, ECHR 2003-I

Fayed v. the United Kingdom, Judgment 21 September 1990, Application No. 17101/90, Series A no. 294-B

Ilhan v. Turkey, Judgment 27 June 2000, Application No. 22277/93

Ireland v. the United Kingdom, Judgment 18 January 1978, Application No. 5310/71, Series A no. 25

Karner v. Austria, Judgment 24 July 2003, Application No. 40016/98

Kędzior v. Poland, Judgment 16 October 2012, Application No. 45026/07

Keenan v. the United Kingdom, Judgment 3 April 2001, Application No. 27229/95

Kudła v. Poland [GC], Judgment 26 October 2000, Application No. 30210/96, ECHR 2000‑XI.

Matter v. Slovakia, Judgment 5 July 1999, Application No. 31534/96

McGlinchey and Others v. the United Kingdom, Judgment 29 April 2003, Application No. 50390/99, ECHR 2003‑V

Mihailovs v. Latvia, Judgment of January 2013, Application No. 35939/10

Mikhaylenko v. Ukraine, Judgment 30 May 2013, Application No. 49069/11

Nencheva and Others v. Bulgaria, Judgment 18 June 2013, Application No. 48609/06.

Nevmerzhitsky v. Ukraine, Judgment 5 April 2005, Application No. 54825/00

P, C & S v. the United Kingdom, Judgment 16 July 2002, Application No. 56547/00

Ramirez Sanchez v. France [GC], Judgment 4 July 2006, Application No. 59450/00

Roche v. the United Kingdom [GC], Judgment 19 October 2005, Application No. 32555/96, ECHR 2005-X

Salontaji-Drobnjak v. Serbia, Judgment 13 October 2009, Application No. 36500/05

Selmouni v. France [GC], Judgment 28 July 1999, Application No. 25803/94, ECHR 1999-V

Shtukaturov v. Russia, Judgment 27 March 2008, Application No. 44009/05

Stanev v. Bulgaria [GC], Judgment 17 January 2012, Application No. 36760/06

Z.H. v. Hungary, Judgment 8 November 2012, Application No. 28973/11

UN Committee on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

Alyne da Silva Pimentel v. Brazil (Communication No. 17/2008)

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

Ximenes-Lopes v. Brazil, Judgement (IACtHR, 4 July 2006)

Supreme Court of the United States of America

Olmstead v. L.C. 527 U.S. 581 (1999)